THE ORIGINS OF POLICING IN AMERICA Protests against police violence are shining new light on the role that police play in American society—now and in the past. Khalil Gibran Muhammad and Chenjerai Kumanyika explain how American policing grew out of efforts to control the labor of poor and enslaved people in the 19th century and beyond. Khalil Gibran Muhammad is a professor of history, race and public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School. He is the director of the Institutional Anti-Racism and Ac